As I was working on my homework, I thought you might be interested in these notes from an article that I read for one of my classes.
Discussions of leadership are intertwined with issues of authority. Western philosophy assumes that there is no morally valid leadership without the consent of the led. It is a matter of modern Western moral concern that ideals not be imposed, that behavior not be coerced, that the search for truth not be stifled. It is immoral when authority is abused. Followers should not be mere means to self-satisfying ends for the leader.
- Ethical norms and behavioral ideals should not be imposed but freely embraced.
- Motivation should not be reduced to coercion but grow out of authentic inner commitment.
- The search for truth should not be stifled but rather questioning and creativity should be encouraged.
We label as “pseudo”, the kind of leadership that tramples upon these concerns. Pseudo-leadership endorses values such as favoritism, superiority, and submission. Pseudo-leaders are more interested in themselves than their followers, and knowingly focus their followers on personal agendas instead of shared vision. They engage in leadership at the expense of their followers because they are primarily concerned with their own self-interests.
Characteristics of pseudo-leaders:
- seek to become the idols of their followers
- concerned about their power and gaining more of it
- enhance their status by maintaining distance from and their followers
- known by those close to them to be domineering and egotistical
- concerned about maintaining the dependence of their followers
- welcome and expect blind obedience
- privately contemptuous of those they are supposed to be serving
- masters at manipulating behind the scenes
- set and control agenda
- withhold information
- mislead, deceive and prevaricate.
- wear different masks for different occasions
- rationalize and justify their deceptions and contradictory behavior
- publicly support but privately oppose and obstruct
- not likely to listen to conflicting views
- intolerant of the differences of opinion from their followers
- overemphasize authority and underweight reason
- take advantage of the ignorance of their followers
- manipulate arguments to achieve the desired response
- invent fictitious obstacles and imaginary enemies
- highlight “we-they” differences
- focus on plots, conspiracies, excuses, and insecurities
- encourage favoritism, competitiveness, envy, greed, hate, and conflict
They create the impression that they are doing the right thing, but secretly fail to do so when doing the right thing conflicts with their own narcissistic interest. They claim they are right and good; others are wrong and bad. They are the reason things go well; other persons are the reason for things going badly. They are captains who sail under false colors.
(Notes taken from this article.)
